Appreciate this. That “fragmentation vs. discipline” framing is the crux—once enforcement is treated as a single chokepoint, capture is cheap; once it competes, capture costs explode. The Bootleggers/Baptists layer explains why that structure persists even when it’s inefficient. Federal inaction doesn’t just fail to prevent state action—it induces it. That’s the equilibrium shift the paper tries to formalize.
Appreciate this. That “fragmentation vs. discipline” framing is the crux—once enforcement is treated as a single chokepoint, capture is cheap; once it competes, capture costs explode. The Bootleggers/Baptists layer explains why that structure persists even when it’s inefficient. Federal inaction doesn’t just fail to prevent state action—it induces it. That’s the equilibrium shift the paper tries to formalize.